Echinoderm stereom gradient structures enable mechanoelectrical perception

Nature

by Annan Chen

February 26, 2026

AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary

Scientists have discovered that sea urchin spines exhibit exceptional mechanoelectrical sensing capabilities due to their unique gradient structures. Unlike previously understood functions related to mechanical defense, these biomineralized cellular solids demonstrate a remarkable ability to detect and respond to stimuli such as liquid flow. The study highlights how the gradient variations in void or solid-phase diameters along the spine axis enable differential charge density, allowing for highly responsive tactile perception. In experiments with living sea urchins, researchers observed that spines could rotate in response to droplets of seawater within just 88 milliseconds. This rapid reaction, coupled with voltage outputs reaching up to 116 mV, far exceeds the sensing capabilities of other marine organisms. The findings suggest that these natural structures could inspire next-generation materials designed for underwater applications. By replicating the gradient structures using 3D printing technology, scientists created artificial spine-like constructs that outperformed non-gradient designs. These innovations promise advancements in underwater sensing systems and water resource management technologies. The research also opens new avenues for understanding load-sensitive biomimetic cellular solids, such as wood, bone, and sponge, paving the way for engineered materials with enhanced functionality. This breakthrough not only deepens our understanding of natural cellular solids but also offers practical applications in fields like robotics, sensing, and renewable energy. By mimicking nature’s intricate designs, engineers could develop materials capable of real-time monitoring and adaptive responses in aquatic environments.

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Originally published on Nature on 2/26/2026