Exapted CRISPR–Cas12f homologues drive RNA-guided transcription
Nature
by Florian T. HoffmannMarch 4, 2026
Bacterial transcription initiation is a tightly regulated process that canonically relies on sequence-specific promoter recognition by dedicated sigma (σ) factors, leading to functional DNA engagement by RNA polymerase (RNAP)1. Although the seven σ factors in Escherichia coli have been extensively characterized2, Bacteroidetes species encode dozens of specialized, extracytoplasmic function σ factors (σE) whose precise roles are unknown, pointing to additional layers of regulatory potential3. Here we uncover a mechanism of RNA-guided gene activation involving the coordinated action of σE factor in complex with nuclease-dead Cas12f (dCas12f). We screened a large set of genetically linked dCas12f and σE homologues in E. coli using RNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, revealing systems that exhibit robust guide RNA enrichment and DNA target binding with a minimal 5′-G target-adjacent motif. Recruitment of σE was dependent on dCas12f and guide RNA, suggesting direct protein–protein interactions, and co-expression experiments demonstrated that the dCas12f–gRNA–σE ternary complex was competent for programmable recruitment of the RNAP holoenzyme. Remarkably, dCas12f–RNA–σE complexes drove potent gene expression in the absence of any requisite promoter motifs, with de novo transcription start sites defined exclusively by the relative distance from the dCas12f-mediated R-loop. Our findings highlight a new paradigm of RNA-guided transcription that embodies natural features reminiscent of CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technology4,5. Specialized σ factors interact with nuclease-dead, CRISPR–Cas12f proteins to form potent, RNA-guided gene activation systems that function independently of fixed promoter motifs.
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Originally published on Nature on 3/4/2026