How big is the ‘motherhood penalty’? In Denmark, it adds up to $120,000

Nature

by Sarah Wild

February 23, 2026

AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary

Denmark’s mothers face a significant financial penalty after having children, according to a study analyzing data from over 100,000 individuals. Women who became mothers were found to lose an average of $120,000 in cumulative income over two decades following the birth of their first child compared to women without children. However, Denmark’s robust government support system— including paid maternity leave, child allowances, and housing benefits—helped bridge 80% of this gap. This research highlights the profound economic challenges mothers face globally, often referred to as the “motherhood penalty,” and underscores the role of state policies in mitigating these effects. The study, published in *European Sociological Review*, examined Danish registry data for women born between 1962 and 1965. It tracked income levels and government transfers over time, comparing mothers to childless women matched by education, location, and social history. The researchers found that the income penalty was largest during a child’s early years but persisted for up to two decades. This long-term financial impact highlights the lasting challenges mothers face in balancing work and family life. While Denmark’s policies have significantly reduced the gap between lost income and state support, experts note limitations. For instance, government transfers like child allowances are meant to offset the costs of raising children rather than compensate women for lost earnings. Additionally, other scholars emphasize that gender disparities in parenting roles remain a persistent issue. Women continue to shoulder a disproportionate share of caregiving responsibilities, further exacerbating economic penalties. The study’s findings contribute valuable insights to ongoing discussions about gender equality and economic policies. It demonstrates how societal structures and government interventions shape opportunities for mothers in the workforce. While Denmark’s approach is a model for addressing the motherhood penalty, challenges remain in achieving true equity. The research also raises questions about how other countries can adapt similar policies

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Originally published on Nature on 2/23/2026