Marks left by Stone Age humans were surprisingly complex
The Economist
February 25, 2026
AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary
The discovery of intricate geometric markings in caves within the Swabian Jura region of Germany reveals that early humans were capable of creating complex symbols rivaling the sophistication seen in pre-writing systems. These "signs," which include dots, lines, crosses, and stars, adorned tools, jewelry, figurines, and art, suggest a level of abstract thinking and communication far beyond what was previously understood about early modern humans.
The caves, located in southwest Germany, date back to between 43,000 and 34,000 years ago and were inhabited by the first anatomically modern Europeans. Archaeologists found evidence of advanced craftsmanship, including specialized tools, figurative art, bone flutes, and miniature sculptures of megafauna—both real and imaginary. Among these artifacts, the geometric markings stand out as a mysterious yet significant element, hinting at a symbolic system that remains largely unexplained.
The significance of these findings lies in their potential to reshape our understanding of early human culture and communication. The presence of such complex symbols suggests that these ancient humans were capable of abstract thought and had developed a form of proto-writing or a system of conveying information through visual marks. This level of complexity challenges previous assumptions about the cognitive abilities of early modern humans and highlights their capacity for creativity and innovation.
From a business perspective, this discovery underscores the importance of recognizing and valuing the ingenuity of early human societies. The ability to create and communicate complex ideas—whether through symbols, art, or tools—is a fundamental aspect of cultural and technological advancement. This insight into the creative processes of ancient humans can inspire modern industries to rethink innovation, collaboration, and problem-solving in ways that honor our shared heritage of creativity and ingenuity.
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Originally published on The Economist on 2/25/2026