NATO's falling behind in the race to build icebreakers, critical tools for a war in the Arctic
Business Insider
February 25, 2026
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NATO is falling behind Russia and China in the critical race to build icebreakers, which are essential for operating in the Arctic. A top Norwegian military official identified this as a key capability gap between NATO and its rivals, emphasizing that icebreakers are crucial for navigating frozen waters, enabling trade routes, accessing natural resources, and supporting military operations in the region.
Russia currently leads with an estimated 40 icebreakers, while China has five operational vessels and is expanding its fleet. In contrast, NATO countries—including the U.S.—lag significantly. The U.S. Coast Guard operates just one heavy polar icebreaker, a fleet deemed insufficient for Arctic operations by former President Trump. However, efforts are underway to close this gap: the Trump administration announced plans to acquire four medium icebreakers from Finland and build seven more domestically.
The Arctic is becoming a growing focus for NATO as Russian and Chinese activity increases in the region. While NATO allies like Canada and Finland are investing in icebreakers, nearly a third of the alliance's existing fleet is past its design life. Russia’s fleet remains heavier and more specialized for extreme-ice operations, giving it a strategic advantage.
Arctic security is not just a military issue but also a business one. The region’s trade routes, resource extraction opportunities, and strategic importance make icebreakers a critical tool for both defense and economic interests. As competition in the Arctic intensifies, the ability to navigate its frozen waters will play a pivotal role in determining the region's future.
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Originally published on Business Insider on 2/25/2026