The Age of Defensive Democracy

Foreign Policy

by Nicholas Bequelin

February 13, 2026

AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary

The world is at a critical juncture where the survival of democracy itself hangs in the balance rather than its expansion. The article revisits Woodrow Wilson’s 1917 call for making the world safe for democracy, highlighting how this was not about spreading democracy but recognizing the vulnerability of liberal states amidst an authoritarian-dominated world. Today, as the postwar international order fractures and democratic norms erode, the focus has shifted from promoting democracy to defending it. The post-WWII era established institutions like the United Nations and Bretton Woods that embedded democratic principles and human rights, creating a framework conducive to democratization. This system limited the influence of non-democratic states and promoted values that supported democratic regimes. Decolonization and subsequent waves of democratization in Europe, Latin America, and Asia saw democracy spread significantly, with over 60% of states becoming electoral democracies by the mid-1990s. However, this era was not without its challenges. The Cold War often justified authoritarian actions, and many European powers engaged in anti-decolonization wars. Despite these flaws, the international system provided a framework that largely favored democratic regimes, encouraging their growth and stability. This historical context underscores how unique circumstances allowed democracy to flourish but also highlights its fragility. The rise of internal pressures—such as populist movements—and global shifts towards authoritarianism signal a new era of "defensive diplomacy." Democracies must now focus on preserving their values while countering both domestic and international threats. The article emphasizes that the stakes are high, with democracy’s survival potentially hanging in the balance. For readers interested in politics, understanding these dynamics is crucial as they shape global stability and the future of democratic governance. The interplay between regime competition, institutional frameworks, and historical trends offers valuable insights into why democracy’s survival is now the paramount question in international relations.

Verticals

politicsinternational

Originally published on Foreign Policy on 2/13/2026