The US is pushing back on Europe’s big cheese gatekeeping
The Hill
by Marc L. Busch and Ben Whitfield, opinion contributor February 13, 2026
AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary
The US is challenging Europe’s long-standing practice of restricting cheese names based on their regional origins, a system known as geographical indications (GIs). This dispute centers around European laws that prevent non-European producers from using terms like “Parmesan,” “Cheddar,” or “Feta” unless their products meet specific criteria tied to their place of origin. The US government argues that these rules are unfair trade practices that limit competition and consumer choice, particularly for American cheesemakers.
Europe’s GI system has historical roots, with many cheese names tied to regions like France’s Roquefort or Italy’s Parmigiano-Reggiano. These designations are protected under EU law, allowing member states to enforce them internationally. However, the US claims that this approach stifles innovation and free trade, especially since similar cheeses produced outside Europe often face legal challenges or are forced to adopt different names, such as “Cheddar-like” instead of “Cheddar.”
This issue has broader implications for US-EU relations and global trade policy. The US is pushing for a more flexible system that balances the protection of regional identities with fair competition. If successful, this could set a precedent for how international trade deals handle intellectual property rights and cultural heritage. For consumers, it could mean greater access to a variety of cheeses without being limited by strict naming conventions.
The debate also highlights tensions between economic interests and cultural preservation. While European producers argue that these names are integral to their history and local economies, US cheesemakers and trade officials counter that such restrictions are outdated and unnecessarily restrictive. The outcome of this conflict could shape future trade negotiations and influence how other countries approach similar disputes over food products and intellectual property.
Ultimately, the stakes are high for both sides. For Europe, maintaining its GI system is about protecting its culinary heritage and market dominance. For the US, it’s a matter of promoting fair competition and ensuring that American producers can compete on equal footing in global markets. The resolution of this issue will have lasting impacts on international trade, cultural identity, and consumer access to diverse food products.
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Originally published on The Hill on 2/13/2026