This compound enhances long-term memory of mice — but only in females

Nature

by Mohana Basu

February 26, 2026

AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary

A recent study reveals that acetate, a metabolic byproduct from the breakdown of alcohol, glucose, and fiber, enhances long-term memory in female mice but has little to no effect on male mice. Published in *Science Signaling*, the research highlights how this compound influences memory formation through epigenetic changes in the brain. In the study, scientists injected acetate into mice and tested their memory using two tasks that rely on the dorsal hippocampus, a key area for memory formation. Female mice receiving acetate showed improved spatial and object memory compared to those given a saline placebo. The improvement was evident when they interacted with objects moved or altered in position, indicating better retention of past experiences. The mechanism behind this enhancement lies in histone acetylation, a process where acetate modifies histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped. This modification loosens the DNA structure, making genes more accessible for transcription and activation. Specifically, acetate increased the expression of learning-related genes in the female hippocampus, particularly involving the histone variant H2A.Z, previously linked to long-term memory. The study’s findings underscore the importance of considering sex differences in memory-enhancing therapies. While acetate appears promising for improving memory function, its effects are context-dependent and specific to females. This suggests that future research should explore how sex-specific biological factors influence memory processes and treatments.

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Originally published on Nature on 2/26/2026