This simulation of how an old 8-bit processor fetches data from ROM is a thing of beauty
PC Gamer
by James Bentley February 20, 2026
AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary
A designer named Alex Mordvintsev has created a stunning simulation that showcases how an Atari 2600 fetches data from ROM at the CMOS FET level. This intricate visualization captures the movement of data between circuits on a microscopic scale, offering a glimpse into the inner workings of a nearly 50-year-old computer system. While the details are complex and may seem scattered, the simulation is a remarkable achievement in technological exploration.
The Atari 2600, released in 1977, was a groundbreaking gaming console that relied on ROM cartridges for its games. With only 128 bytes of RAM and an 8-bit CPU running at 1.19 MHz, it may seem primitive by today's standards. However, the simulation highlights the elegance of its design, even as it underscores how far technology has come. Mordvintsev’s work builds on Tiny Tapeout, a platform that allows users to create and simulate chip models using open-source tools. The designer is currently developing a version of this simulation that others can experiment with, potentially allowing enthusiasts to explore the inner workings of other retro systems as well.
For gaming enthusiasts, this simulation holds significant appeal. It taps into nostalgia for classic gaming hardware while also showcasing the evolution of technology. The Atari 2600’s journey from 2K ROM games to advanced techniques like bank switching is a testament to innovation in early gaming. Beyond its nostalgic value, the simulation serves as an educational tool, illustrating the complexity and beauty of hardware operations. It also reminds us of how far we’ve come since the days of 8-bit processors, while inviting curiosity about the inner mechanisms that shaped gaming history.
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Originally published on PC Gamer on 2/20/2026