‘Universal vaccine’ protects mice against multiple pathogens

Nature

by Liam Drew

February 20, 2026

AI-Generated Deep Dive Summary

Scientists have developed a nasal spray vaccine that shows promise in protecting mice against a wide range of respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. This innovative approach targets the innate immune system, which is evolutionarily older and more broadly reactive than the adaptive immune system typically harnessed by conventional vaccines. By activating this ancient defense mechanism, the vaccine could potentially offer universal protection against multiple respiratory diseases, reducing the need for separate vaccines each season. The vaccine’s design incorporates three key components: two drugs that stimulate specific receptor proteins on innate immune cells like macrophages in the lungs, and a protein derived from chicken eggs that activates T cells to sustain the innate immune response. Tested in mice via nasal delivery, the vaccine induced robust immunity against various pathogens, including coronaviruses and bacteria causing respiratory infections. Notably, it also suppressed allergic reactions to house dust mites, suggesting potential benefits for treating allergies like asthma. This breakthrough could revolutionize public health by providing a first line of defense against future pandemics and reducing reliance on strain-specific vaccines. If proven safe and effective in humans, such a vaccine could be administered annually at the start of flu season, offering broad protection and easing the burden of respiratory diseases worldwide. The research highlights the potential of targeting the innate immune system to create versatile, long-lasting immunity against diverse pathogens.

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Originally published on Nature on 2/20/2026